%PDF-1.3
%
11 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Length 53>>stream
xs
w3T0WI2P0T5T R
Ɩf
!\!Y\ !p
o
endstream
endobj
6 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Length 53>>stream
xs
w3T0WI2P0T5T R
Ɩf
!\!Y\ !p
o
endstream
endobj
9 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Length 53>>stream
xs
w3T0WI2P0T5T R
Ɩf
!\!Y\ !p
o
endstream
endobj
7 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Length 53>>stream
xs
w3T0WI2P0T5T R
Ɩf
!\!Y\ !p
o
endstream
endobj
3 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Length 53>>stream
xs
w3T0WI2P0T5T R
Ɩf
!\!Y\ !p
o
endstream
endobj
10 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Length 53>>stream
xs
w3T0WI2P0T5T R
Ɩf
!\!Y\ !p
o
endstream
endobj
12 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Length 53>>stream
xs
w3T0WI2P0T5T R
Ɩf
!\!Y\ !p
o
endstream
endobj
8 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Length 53>>stream
xs
w3T0WI2P0T5T R
Ɩf
!\!Y\ !p
o
endstream
endobj
13 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Length 53>>stream
xs
w3T0WI2P0T5T R
Ɩf
!\!Y\ !p
o
endstream
endobj
4 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Length 53>>stream
xs
w3T0WI2P0T5T R
Ɩf
!\!Y\ !p
o
endstream
endobj
1 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Length 53>>stream
xs
w3T0WI2P0T5T R
Ɩf
!\!Y\ !p
o
endstream
endobj
5 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Length 53>>stream
xs
w3T0WI2P0T5T R
Ɩf
!\!Y\ !p
o
endstream
endobj
14 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Length 53>>stream
xs
w3T0WI2P0T5T R
Ɩf
!\!Y\ !p
o
endstream
endobj
16 0 obj
<>stream
application/pdf
AST-2021-0032-ver9-Mogul_5P 1237..1249
2021-10-05T23:58:13+05:30
Arbortext Advanced Print Publisher 9.0.114/W
2021-10-14T08:32:45-07:00
Acrobat Distiller 8.1.0 (Windows); modified using iText 4.2.0 by 1T3XT
uuid:b286047b-0def-431f-b0fd-34be1667b35c
uuid:c9e54ed8-bba9-4765-af04-cc757566a3d9
endstream
endobj
17 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
18 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bi y\'
endstream
endobj
19 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
20 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bi y,
endstream
endobj
21 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
22 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bi yw*
endstream
endobj
23 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
24 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bi yS&
endstream
endobj
25 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
26 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bih lT
endstream
endobj
27 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
28 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bi yA$
endstream
endobj
29 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
30 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bih ~V
endstream
endobj
31 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
32 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bi ye(
endstream
endobj
33 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
34 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bi yn)
endstream
endobj
35 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
36 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bi y+
endstream
endobj
37 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
38 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bih uU
endstream
endobj
39 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
40 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bi y8#
endstream
endobj
41 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
42 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bi yJ%
endstream
endobj
44 0 obj
<>stream
/GS1 gs
BT
/F4 1 Tf
9.843 0 0 9.843 72 725.1588 Tm
0 0 0 rg
-.0164 Tc
0 Tw
[(When)-259.4(cons)5.7(idering)-253.6(phot)5.4(otr)5.6(ophy)5.5(,)-261.7(w)4.7(avelen)5.5(gth-)5.6(dep)5.5(e)-1.4(nd)5.5(ent)-259.5(p)5.5(ho-)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1174 TD
0 Tc
[(ton)-360.5(uxes)-363.4(are)-362.7(critical)-369.9(due)-361.6(to)-359.4(a)-365.1(dependence)-362.4(on)-365.1(photon)-358.1(stoi-)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(chiometry.)-316.6(Photon)-317.6(uxes,)-315(howev)-7.5(er,)-312(could)-317.8(not)-314.5(be)-320.1(accurately)]TJ
T*
[(estimated)-469.8(from)-472.1(Venera)-471.7(11)-468.7(and)-465.2(14)-468.7(spectra)-471.9(\()-81.7(Moroz)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
21.812 0 TD
[(et)-470(al.,)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
-21.812 -1.1116 TD
[(1982;)-310.9(Ignatiev)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
6.1917 0 TD
[(et)-308.8(al.,)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.6207 0 TD
[(1997\),)-308.4(which)-312.9(were)-312.8(low)-303.8(resolution)-311.8(and)]TJ
-8.8124 -1.1174 TD
[(available)-470(only)-465.3(in)-468.9(graphical)-468.6(format,)-467.5(or)-468.7(extracted)-469.8(from)-466.3(the)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(integrated)-464.1(irradiances)-460.3(from)-460.6(Pioneer)-459.2(Venus)-462.4(\()-81.7(Moroz)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
21.8235 0 TD
[(et)-458.5(al.,)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
-21.8235 -1.1116 TD
[(19)20.8(8)16.2(5)0(\))20.9(.)-251.1(Ad)20(d)16.2(i)0(t)20.6(i)0(o)26.5(n)0(a)19.7(l)0(l)26.3(y)0(,)-240.7(t)0(r)20.7(a)0(n)25.4(s)0(m)19.8(i)0(t)26.3(t)0(a)19.6(n)0(c)25.4(e)-255.7(wi)19.8(n)16.2(d)0(o)20.8(w)15.3(s)-254.3(w)0(i)19.8(t)0(h)26.5(i)0(n)-244.2(t)0(h)26.5(e)-255.7(cl)25.3(ou)20.8(ds)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(could)-329.3(not)-326(be)-331.7(accurately)-333.8(established)-332.4(from)-328.1(Venera)-327.7(11)-330.5(and)-327(14)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(spectra)-512.2(due)-511.3(to)-509.2(log-scale)-514.5(representations)-510.7(of)-509(the)-511.4(published)]TJ
T*
[(sp)21(e)15(c)0(t)19.5(r)0(a)-228(a)0(n)25.4(d)-243(r)16.2(e)0(d)19.7(u)0(c)25.4(e)0(d)-228(r)0(e)19.7(l)16.1(at)19.5(iv)26.5(e)-244.2(p)16.2(ea)18.5(k)-237.2(h)0(e)25.4(i)0(g)20.7(h)0(t)26.5(s)-242.8(\()-70.2(M)0(o)25.7(r)0(o)20.9(z)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
19.6176 0 TD
[(et)-228.1(al)20.7(.)13.9(,)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.4421 0 TD
[(19)26.6(82)20.8(;)]TJ
-22.0597 -1.1174 TD
(Ignatiev)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
3.6805 0 TD
[(et)-395.2(al.,)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.7935 0 TD
[(1997\).)-389.1(Accordingly,)-393.4(we)-390.1(obtained)-391.5(radiances)]TJ
-6.4739 -1.1116 TD
[(with)-495.1(high)-488.3(spectral)-496.2(and)-488.3(vertical)-496.5(resolution)-496.2(using)-489.3(radiative)]TJ
T*
[(transfer)-477.5(calculations)-479(\(Lee)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
11.1278 0 TD
[(et)-475.8(al.,)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.9605 0 TD
[(2016,)-468.6(2019\))-477.8(based)-474.2(on)-474.5(a)]TJ
-14.0882 -1.1116 TD
[(com)11.6(mon)18.5(ly)-244.2(ado)12.8(pt)15(ed)-245.3(Ven)11.9(us)-238.2(clo)12.7(ud)-238.3(mod)12.7(el)-239.6(\(Ra)11.8(gen)12.8(t)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
19.2547 0 TD
[(et)-239.6(al.)17.3(,)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.4767 0 TD
[(198)14(5\).)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 62.022 544.3085 Tm
[(3.)-501.1(Calculated)-338.1(Irradiances)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
9.843 0 0 9.843 72 527.8676 Tm
[(The)-310.9(radiative)-313.3(transfer)-316.2(calculations)-317.7(\(local)-314.4(noon,)-307.3(SZA)-310.5(15)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
22.5493 0 TD
()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.3974 0 TD
(\))Tj
-23.9604 -1.1116 TD
[(were)-399.2(described)-393.4(in)-394(the)-396.3(works)-392.1(of)-393.8(Lee)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
15.3323 0 TD
[(et)-395.2(al.)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.5458 0 TD
[(\(2016\))-398.2(and)-390.4(Lee)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
-17.8781 -1.1116 TD
[(et)-308.8(al.)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.373 0 TD
[(\(2019\).)-309.5(For)-308.4(this)-304(study,)-308.4(we)-309.5(calculated)-311(solar)-306.1(irradi)-8(ances)]TJ
-2.373 -1.1174 TD
[(and)-292.4(photon)-289(uxes)-288.5(from)-287.8(0.25)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
12.1357 0 TD
(m)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
[(m)-290.3(a)0(t)-285.7(0.0001)-170.2(nm)-285.7(resolution)-294.6(at)]TJ
-12.6886 -1.1116 TD
[(altitudes)-277.5(ranging)-279.7(from)-276.3(the)-275.3(atmospheric)-276.1(tops)-275(\(99.5)-169.1(km\))-275.2(to)-273(the)]TJ
T*
[(surface.)-394.5(Altitude)-397.3(proles)-388.8(of)-393.8(the)-390.5(calculated)-397.4(spectra)-397(enabled)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(delineation)-448.1(of)-445.7(the)-448.1(transmittance)-446.7(windows)-452.9(for)-441(solar)-450.1(irradi-)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(ance)-255.6(within)-255.5(Venus)-261.8(middle)-251.2(\(56.550.5)-171.2(km\))-252.2(and)-257.9(lower)-255.3(\(50.5)]TJ
T*
[(47.)11.6(5)-156.6(km\))-240.6(clo)12.7(uds)14.2(,)-245.3(alo)12.7(ng)-238.3(wit)12.8(h)-248.8(ide)12.7(nti)13.7(ca)11.8(ti)14.8(on)-244.1(of)-244.1(the)-235(wav)11.9(ele)11.5(ngt)13.8(hs)]TJ
T*
[(available)-337.5(for)-337.3(phototrophy.)]TJ
1.0137 -1.1174 TD
[(Briey,)-507.5(the)-505.7(calculations)-507.8(yielded)-505.6(spectr)-8.8(a)-503.3(for)-504.3(downward)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(direct)-274.1(and)-269.4(diffused)-269(irradiances)-276(that)-270.8(accounted)-273.9(for)-268.2(absorption)]TJ
T*
[(and)-292.4(scattering)-296.9(by)-295.9(major)-296(and)-292.4(minor)-294.8(atmospheric)-299.1(constituents)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
(\(CO)Tj
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 78.9732 383.7542 Tm
(2)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 82.6582 385.3983 Tm
.3145 Tc
(,H)Tj
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 95.3008 383.7542 Tm
0 Tc
(2)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 98.9858 385.3983 Tm
[(O,)-310.7(N)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 118.6582 383.7542 Tm
(2)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 122.4 385.3983 Tm
.3087 Tc
[(,S)308.7(O)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 140.4283 383.7542 Tm
0 Tc
(2)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 144.1133 385.3983 Tm
[(,)-314.5(COS,)-319.5(HCl,)-314(CO,)-312.8(HF,)-317.4(H)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 240.6046 383.7542 Tm
(2)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 244.2897 385.3983 Tm
[(S\),)-316.5(along)-312.1(with)]TJ
-18.5175 -1.1116 TD
[(scattering)-429.4(by)-428.4(aerosolized)-431.5(sulfuric)-430.4(acid,)-430.8(which)-428.1(has)-430.5(a)-428.5(mini-)]TJ
T*
[(mal)-334.1(absorption)-334.8(at)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
7.4646 0 TD
(l)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
.887 0 TD
(<)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.8812 0 TD
(3)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
.6681 0 TD
(m)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
[(m)-330.6(\(Hummel)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
5.2874 0 TD
[(et)-337.6(al.,)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.6783 0 TD
[(1988\).)-331.5(Optical)]TJ
-18.4195 -1.1174 TD
[(depths)-416.6(ranged)-417.8(between)-421.1(20)-416.9(and)-413.4(50)-416.9(in)-417(the)-413.5(visible)-418(range,)-420.2(as)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
(observed)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
4.17 0 TD
[(in)-549.5(situ)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
3.3349 0 TD
(\(Ragent)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
3.7323 0 TD
[(et)-550.7(al.,)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
3.116 0 TD
[(1985\),)-550.3(and)-557.4(the)-551.8(vertical)]TJ
-14.3532 -1.1116 TD
[(structure)-265.7(for)-262.4(the)-258(equatorial)-268.3(clouds)-261.1(\(optical)-259.2(depth)-266(of)-261.4(31)-255.6(in)-261.5(the)]TJ
T*
[(visible)-337.4(range\))-337.2(was)-333.4(from)-333.9(the)-332.9(work)-333.5(of)-336.2(Crisp)-334.7(\(1986\).)]TJ
1.0137 -1.1174 TD
[(To)-343.2(account)-351.2(for)-343.1(the)-344.4(ultraviolet)-349.1(and)-344.3(blue)-345.5(radiation)-352.4(absorb-)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(ers)-378.6(within)-376.5(Venus)-377(clouds)-382.1(that,)-377.9(to)-376.7(date,)-373.2(remain)-384.6(unidentied)]TJ
T*
(\(Pe)Tj
.9504 .0403 TD
()Tj
.3859 -.0403 TD
(rez-Hoyos)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
4.4638 0 TD
[(et)-297.2(al.,)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.5976 0 TD
[(2018;)-299.4(Titov)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
5.0513 0 TD
[(et)-297.2(al.,)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.6034 0 TD
[(2018\),)-296.9(the)-298.3(absorbers)]TJ
-16.0523 -1.1174 TD
[(were)-312.8(treated)-316.7(as)-308.4(\(abiotic\))-312.1(components)-314(of)-307.4(the)-315.6(aerosols,)-313.8(where)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(the)-430.8(single)-428.3(scattering)-429.4(albedo)-429.5(of)-428.4(the)-425.1(aerosols)-431.3(was)-431.4(forced)-429.3(to)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
T*
(<)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
[(1.0)-420.3(between)-421.1(310)-423.8(and)-419.2(780)-164.6(nm)-423.9(across)-423.2(the)-419.3(altitudes)-427.3(of)-416.9(57)]TJ
-.5529 -1.1174 TD
[(71)-169.2(km)-389.3(\(Crisp,)-391.1(1986\).)-389.1(This)-385.7(treatment)-395.1(involved)-390.4(optimization)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(to)-445.8(yield)-450.4(a)-445.8(scale)-446.7(factor)-446.7(of)-451.4(1.18,)-442.2(which)-451.2(successfully)-448.3(t)-445.7(the)]TJ
T*
[(mean)-399.6(UV)-401.4(albedo)-400.7(at)-400.9(low)-396(latitudes)-404.2(\(030)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
16.6513 0 TD
()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.3974 0 TD
[(S\))-399.4(observed)-396.8(from)]TJ
-17.0487 -1.1174 TD
[(2006)-315.4(through)-313.1(2017)-315.4(\(Lee)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
10.212 0 TD
[(et)-314.5(al.,)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.6379 0 TD
[(2019\).)-314.2(The)-316.7(resulting)-316.5(spectra)]TJ
-12.8499 -1.1116 TD
[(are)-356.9(shown)-351.8(in)-353.7(Fig.)-352.3(1A)-354.4(for)-348.8(the)-355.9(top)-349(of)-353.5(the)-355.9(atmosphere)-355.5(\(TOA,)]TJ
T*
[(99.5)-168(km\);)-316.8(the)-315.6(upper)-323.4(\(65.5)-163.3(km\),)-319(middle)-320.3(\(53.5)-163.3(km\),)-319(and)-315.5(lower)]TJ
T*
[(\(49.5)-169.1(km\))-332.8(clouds;)-337.2(and)-332.8(below)-336(the)-332.9(clouds)-336(\(44.5)-169.1(km\).)]TJ
1.0137 -1.1174 TD
[(Comparison)-354.2(with)-351.1(integrated)-354.7(irradiances)-356.6(measured)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
20.7004 0 TD
[(in)-347.9(situ)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
-21.7141 -1.1116 TD
[(revealed)-451.3(similar)-442.2(values)-446.6(after)-451.4(correction)-446.7(for)-441(SZA)-448.7(and)-442.2(ani-)]TJ
T*
[(sotropic)-286.5(scattering,)-288.8(as)-285.4(described.)-287.4(Calculated)-293.6(and)-286.7(normalized)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(irradiances)-466(across)-463.5(4501200)-164.3(nm)-464.2(of)-457.2(998)-458.3(W)-464.1(m)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 250.7527 137.707 Tm
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
(2)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 263.1118 133.3417 Tm
[(\(53.5)-163.3(km\))]TJ
-20.4297 -1.1116 TD
[(and)-384.6(741)-383.4(W)-383.5(m)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 119.3385 126.7653 Tm
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
(2)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 130.9039 122.3999 Tm
[(\(49.5)-169.1(km\))-378.9(were)-387.7(very)-385.7(close)-382.1(or)-382.3(within)-382.2(error)]TJ
-6.998 -1.1116 TD
[(to)-370.9(averaged)-382.1(irradiances)-373.9(from)-374.2(Venera)-379.6(11,)-368.5(13,)-374.3(and)-373.1(14)-370.8(\(450)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(1200)-165.7(nm\))-257.9(of)-255.6(1085)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
7.2918 0 TD
()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.72 0 TD
[(86)-255.6(W)-256.8(m)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 172.8 104.8819 Tm
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
(2)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 183.118 100.4598 Tm
[(\(55)-164.5(km\))-257.9(and)-257.9(719)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
6.7389 0 TD
()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.72 0 TD
[(162)-256.7(W)-256.8(m)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 293.329 104.8819 Tm
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
(2)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 62.022 89.5181 Tm
[(\(50)-170.3(km\).)-393.8(However,)-395.3(normalized)-396.1(value)-8(s)-392.6(from)-391.5(Pioneer)-395.9(Venus)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(across)-244.7(4001000)-170.1(nm)-239.6(of)-238.3(1150)-240.6(W)-245.3(m)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 197.0078 82.9417 Tm
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
(2)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 207.1558 78.5763 Tm
[(\(55)-170.3(km\))-240.6(and)-240.6(956)-239.4(W)-245.3(m)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 293.329 82.9417 Tm
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
(2)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 62.022 67.5779 Tm
[(\(50)-170.3(km\))-528.6(were)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
6.1283 0 TD
(*)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
1.0022 0 TD
[(2030%)-531.8(higher)-532(than)-535.6(the)-534.5(calculated)-535.6(val-)]TJ
-7.1305 -1.1116 TD
[(ues)-269.2(\(4001000)-165.4(nm\))-269.4(of)-261.4(932)-268.2(W)-268.3(m)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 188.3905 61.0016 Tm
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
(2)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 198.822 56.6362 Tm
[(\(53.5)-163.3(km\))-269.4(and)-263.6(728)-268.3(W)-268.3(m)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 293.329 61.0016 Tm
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
(2)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 313.0582 725.1588 Tm
[(\(49.5)-169.1(km\).)-330.5(These)-331.4(differences)-327.6(are)-333.9(suggestive)-330(of)-324.7(variations)-330.3(in)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(cloud)-392.7(opacity)-390.4(across)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
8.8584 0 TD
[(in)-388.2(situ)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
3.0066 0 TD
[(measures)-393.3(and/or)-393.8(an)-389.3(indication)]TJ
-11.865 -1.1116 TD
[(of)-376.5(lower)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
3.859 0 TD
[(in)-370.9(situ)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.972 0 TD
[(abundances)-378.3(\(along)-370.7(the)-373.2(incoming)-374.3(beam\))-371.9(of)]TJ
-6.831 -1.1116 TD
[(the)-672.7(unidentied)-671.3(blue-radiation)-676(absorbers)-668.4(in)-670.5(comparison)]TJ
T*
[(to)-353.7(our)-354.6(model.)-357(Similarly,)-355.9(the)-350.2(wavelength)-355.5(of)-353.5(peak)-358.1(irradiance)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(at)-510.3(607.5)-163.4(nm)-504.5(\(53.5)-169.1(km\))-505.6(from)-506.7(our)-504.4(calculations)-507.8(was)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
21.4607 0 TD
(*)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
1.0022 0 TD
(10%)Tj
-22.4629 -1.1116 TD
[(higher)-261.3(than)-253.4(the)-258(value)-255.6(of)-255.6(558)-164.6(nm)-256.9(\(52)-164.5(km\))-257.9(recorded)-254.1(by)-255.6(Venera)]TJ
T*
[(14,)-408.8(which)-410.9(was)-402.6(suggestive)-410.6(of)-405.3(lower)-410.8(absorption)-409.6(coefcients)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(and/or)-457.1(lower)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
5.7539 0 TD
[(in)-451.6(situ)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
3.1333 0 TD
[(abundances)-459(of)-451.4(the)-453.9(unidentied)-458.2(blue-)]TJ
-8.8872 -1.1116 TD
[(radiation)-340.9(absorbers.)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 313.0582 599.1306 Tm
[(4.)-501.1(Comparisons)-340.3(of)-330.2(Venus)-334.2(and)-338.2(Earth)-333.3(Spectra)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
9.843 0 0 9.843 323.0361 582.6896 Tm
[(Expectedly,)-324.7(our)-314.3(calculations)-323.5(show)-316.1(that)-322.6(irradiances)-322(below)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(Venus)-284.9(cloud)-277.5(tops)-280.8(are)-276.3(substantially)-287.6(attenuated)-281(with)-276.2(decreas-)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(ing)-395.1(altitude)-397.6(through)-399.5(absorption)-392.4(by)-393.9(SO)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 469.4739 559.1053 Tm
(2)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 477.0707 560.7495 Tm
(\()Tj
/F5 1 Tf
.3341 0 TD
()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
[(320)-164.6(nm\))-396.2(and)-396.1(the)]TJ
-17.5498 -1.1116 TD
[(unknown)-365.7(absorbers.)-366.6(Calculations)-369.4(conducted)-364.9(across)-365.6(the)-361.7(UV)]TJ
T*
[(\(200400)-170.1(nm\))-430.7(show)-425.5(that)-426.3(irradiances)-437.2(of)-422.6(205)-429.5(W)-429.6(m)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 516.6991 543.2313 Tm
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
(2)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 528.718 538.866 Tm
[(at)-429.7(the)]TJ
-21.9099 -1.1174 TD
[(TOA)-265.4(decre)-9(ase)-264.6(by)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
7.3033 0 TD
(*)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
1.0022 0 TD
[(97%)-263.5(to)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
3.139 0 TD
(*)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
1.0022 0 TD
.2625 Tc
[(6)262.5()262.5(7Wm)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 472.5353 532.2329 Tm
0 Tc
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
(2)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 482.9101 527.8676 Tm
[(in)-261.5(the)-263.8(middle)-268.4(and)]TJ
-17.2561 -1.1116 TD
[(lower)-439.6(clouds)-439.7(\(Table)-436.4(1\).)-431.8(In)-434.1(comparison,)-438.4(Moroz)-439.5(\(1983\))-432.8(re-)]TJ
T*
[(ported)-249.8(a)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
3.5019 0 TD
(*)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.9964 0 TD
[(90%)-246.3(reduction)-242.9(of)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
7.1881 0 TD
[(in)-244.2(situ)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.7186 0 TD
[(UV)-240.1(ux)-245.1(at)-245.4(370)-164.6(nm)-245.3(in)-244.2(the)]TJ
-14.405 -1.1174 TD
[(middle)-521.9(clouds)-526.1(to)-514.9(yield)-525.3(0.62.8)-519.2(W)-521.7(m)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 471.0046 499.4077 Tm
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
(2)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 483.9305 494.9857 Tm
[(\(5848)-167.9(km\).)-514.8(Our)]TJ
-17.3598 -1.1116 TD
[(calculations)-329.2(show)-327.6(that)-322.6(\(A\))]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
11.099 0 TD
(>)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.5472 0 TD
[(99.99%)-326.8(of)-324.7(the)-321.4(total)-323.8(UV)-326.5(ux)-319.9(in)]TJ
-11.6461 -1.1116 TD
[(the)-309.9(middle)-308.8(clouds)-307.2(arises)-308.1(in)-307.6(the)-304.1(UV-A)-312.3(region)-307.4(\(320400)-164.3(nm\),)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
(\(B\))Tj
/F6 1 Tf
1.63 0 TD
(*)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.9964 0 TD
[(66%)-298.1(of)-290.2(the)-292.6(total)-295(UV)-291.9(ux)-296.9(arises)-296.6(at)-291.5(wavelengths)-298.8(\(370)]TJ
-2.6264 -1.1116 TD
[(400)-170.3(nm\))-338.6(longer)-341.9(than)-339.8(those)-340.7(measured)-347.4(by)-336.3(the)-344.4(Venera)-345(probes,)]TJ
T*
[(and)-321.2(\(C\))-315.3(uxes)-317.3(in)-319.1(the)-315.6(UV-B)-318.2(\(280320)-164.3(nm\))-321.3(and)-315.5(UV-C)-318.2(\(200)]TJ
T*
[(280)-170.3(nm\))-373.1(decrease)-377.3(to)-376.7(negligible)-376.7(levels)-377.6(in)-370.9(the)-373.2(middle)-377.9(clouds)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(from)-293.6(the)-292.6(respective)-292.2(uxes)-294.3(of)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
11.9168 0 TD
(*)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
1.0022 0 TD
[(20%)-292.3(and)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
3.859 0 TD
(*)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
1.0022 0 TD
[(7%)-291.2(in)-290.3(the)-286.8(TOA.)]TJ
-16.7665 -1.1116 TD
[(On)-377.4(Earths)-372.8(surface)-379.6(\(46)-371.9(W)-372(m)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 440.5605 411.7038 Tm
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
(2)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 448.3275 407.3385 Tm
[(,)-377.8(280400)-163.2(nm\),)-376.6(integrated)]TJ
-13.7427 -1.1116 TD
[(irradi)-8(ances)-319.8(across)-319.5(the)-315.6(UV-A)-323.8(and)-315.5(UV-B)-323.9(are)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
17.9645 0 TD
(*)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
1.0022 0 TD
[(7-fold)-317.7(higher)]TJ
-18.9667 -1.1174 TD
-.0157 Tc
[(t)-15.7(h)10.8(an)-247.2(tho)-15.7(s)11.1(e)-248.3(i).4(n)-247.2(V)-.4(enu)-15.7(s)11.1()-247.1(m)-.7(iddl)-15.7(e)-232.3(c)-15.7(l)9.6(ouds)-247(\()-15.7(6)10.9(.7)-241.4(W)-249.4(m)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 486.992 389.7637 Tm
0 Tc
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.5376 0 TD
(2)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 494.4755 385.3983 Tm
-.016 Tc
[(,)-249.8(2804)-16(0)10.6(0)-166.8(nm\))-16(,)]TJ
-18.4311 -1.1116 TD
0 Tc
[(after)-497.5(normalization)-503.3(as)-492.7(described.)-500.6(We)-495.2(note)-495.3(that)-495.4(measured)]TJ
T*
[(UV)-343.8(irradiances)-350.8(on)-342(Earth)-342(range)-341.9(from)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
15.2517 0 TD
(*)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.9964 0 TD
[(1229)-345.3(W)-343.2(m)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 521.3479 367.8802 Tm
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
(2)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 532.5164 363.5149 Tm
(\(nor-)Tj
-22.2958 -1.1174 TD
[(malized)-312.2(from)-305.1(SZA)-310.5(30)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
8.9391 0 TD
()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.3974 0 TD
[(\))-306.3(i)0(n)-307.6(the)-304.1(UV-A)-306.5(across)-308(North)-306(America)]TJ
-9.3365 -1.1116 TD
[(\(Grant)-285.2(and)-280.9(Slusser,)-282.6(2005\),)-279.6(where)-285.1(microbial)-278.8(activity)-288.1(is)-278.6(abun-)]TJ
T*
[(dant,)-406.6(and)-407.6(can)-403(rise)-402.9(to)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
9.0715 0 TD
(*)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.9964 0 TD
[(73)-405.4(W)-406.5(m)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 446.9668 334.9983 Tm
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
(2)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 458.7589 330.633 Tm
[(\(normalized)-402.9(from)-408.7(SZA)]TJ
-14.8024 -1.1116 TD
(16)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
1.0022 0 TD
()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.3974 0 TD
[(\))-605.8(across)-607.5(the)-603.6(UV-A)-606(and)-603.5(UV-B)-606.2(\(295385)-170.1(nm\))-603.5(in)-607.1(the)]TJ
-1.3996 -1.1174 TD
[(Atacama)-417.8(Desert)-407.1(\(Piacentini)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
11.7671 0 TD
[(et)-406.7(al.,)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.828 0 TD
[(2003\),)-406.3(where)-411.9(microbial)]TJ
-14.5951 -1.1116 TD
[(abundance)-279.5(and)-275.2(activity)-276.6(are)-276.3(limited)-275.6(but)-274.1(measurable)-281.7(\(Warren-)]TJ
T*
[(Rhode)-7.7(s)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
3.4731 0 TD
[(et)-470(al.,)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.9547 0 TD
[(2006;)-472.2(Orellana)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
6.6813 0 TD
[(et)-470(al.,)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.949 0 TD
[(2020\).)-475.4(Further,)-473(Lee)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
-16.0581 -1.1174 TD
[(et)-262.7(al.)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.2808 0 TD
[(\(2019\))-254.2(report)-7.8(ed)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
6.5257 0 TD
(*)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.9964 0 TD
[(30%)-263.5(variations)-261.2(in)-255.8(global)-261.5(UV)-257.4(albedo)]TJ
-9.803 -1.1116 TD
[(of)-416.9(Venus)-416.3(on)-416.9(a)-411.2(decadal)-421.4(timescale)-419.2(from)-414.5(analysis)-420(of)-411.1(images)]TJ
T*
[(from)-598.8(Venus)-594.8(Express)-597.1(\(20062014\))-593.8(and)-592(Akatsuki)-598.4(\(2016)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(present\))-396.9(orbiters.)-387.8(Therefore,)-392.3(given)-392.7(the)-390.5(observed)-391(variability)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(and)-275.2(low)-269.2(ux,)-271.5(UV)-268.9(radiation)-271.8(is)-272.8(likely)-273.1(not)-268.4(a)-267.2(limiting)-275.6(constraint)]TJ
T*
[(for)-337.3(habitability)-338.9(in)-330.6(Venus)-336.7(middle)-337.6(and)-332.8(lower)-335.9(clouds.)]TJ
1.0137 -1.1174 TD
[(We)-357(additionally)-356(compared)-353.3(photon)-358.1(uxes)-351.9(\(m)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 502.1857 214.4692 Tm
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.5606 0 TD
(2)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 513.4676 210.0472 Tm
(s)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 517.266 214.4692 Tm
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
(1)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 528.4912 210.0472 Tm
(nm)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 541.1337 214.4692 Tm
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
(1)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 548.9006 210.0472 Tm
(\))Tj
-23.9604 -1.1116 TD
[(at)-297.2(the)-286.8(wavelength)-297.9(of)-290.1(peak)-294.7(photon)-289(ux)-291.1(\()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
16.0177 0 TD
(l)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 476.1636 197.4613 Tm
(peak)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 490.1668 199.1054 Tm
[(\))-289.1(across)-296.5(Venus)]TJ
-17.9933 -1.1116 TD
[(clouds)-480(and)-471(Earths)-476.5(surface.)-480.9(As)-469.4(displayed)-478.8(in)-474.6(Fig.)-473.2(1B)-475.5(and)]TJ
T*
[(listed)-244.1(in)-238.5(Table)-239.5(1,)-240.7(normalized)-240.6(photon)-237.1(uxes)-242.5(in)-238.5(Venus)-238.8(middle)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(and)-286.7(lower)-289.9(clouds)-284.2(peak)-289(at)-285.7(607.5)-163.3(nm)-285.6(with)-287.8(values)-285.3(of)-284.4(8.2)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
21.8235 0 TD
()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.72 0 TD
(10)Tj
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 544.8187 170.5889 Tm
(18)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 313.0582 155.2818 Tm
[(and)-361.6(7.0)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
3.2254 0 TD
()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.72 0 TD
(10)Tj
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 361.7007 159.6472 Tm
(18)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 372.6424 155.2818 Tm
(m)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 380.296 159.6472 Tm
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
(2)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 391.6345 155.2818 Tm
(s)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 395.3763 159.6472 Tm
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
(1)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 406.7148 155.2818 Tm
(nm)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 419.3007 159.6472 Tm
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
(1)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 427.0676 155.2818 Tm
[(,)-360.5(respectively.)-361.3(In)-359.3(contrast,)-360.2(nor-)]TJ
-11.5828 -1.1116 TD
[(malized)-341(uxes)-334.6(on)-336.3(Earths)-338.2(surface)-339.2(peak)-335(at)-331.8(669)-170.3(nm)-331.7(with)-339.6(val-)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(ues)-401.7(of)-399.6(6.6)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
4.3831 0 TD
()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.7142 0 TD
(10)Tj
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 373.096 137.707 Tm
(18)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 384.3778 133.3417 Tm
(m)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 392.0881 137.707 Tm
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
(2)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 403.7668 133.3417 Tm
(s)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 407.5652 137.707 Tm
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
(1)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 419.244 133.3417 Tm
(nm)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 431.8865 137.707 Tm
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
(1)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 439.6534 133.3417 Tm
[(,)-395.1(representing)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
6.0016 0 TD
(*)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
1.0022 0 TD
[(0.8-fold)-397.1(of)]TJ
-19.8652 -1.1116 TD
[(the)-281.1(ux)-279.6(in)-273(Venus)-284.9(middle)-280(clouds,)-276.1(and)-280.9(a)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
16.2251 0 TD
(*)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.9964 0 TD
[(60)-169.2(nm)-274.1(shift)-282(in)-278.8(the)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
-17.2215 -1.1116 TD
(l)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 318.5007 109.8141 Tm
(peak)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 335.6219 111.4582 Tm
[(toward)-314(the)-309.9(red.)-313.1(These)-314.1(differences)-321.9(are)-310.9(due)-315.5(to)-307.6(the)-315.6(mod-)]TJ
-2.2924 -1.1174 TD
[(eled)-473.4(absorption)-473(by)-468.7(the)-465.4(unknown)-469.4(absorbers,)-476(and)-465.2(Rayleigh)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(scattering)-343(in)-330.6(the)-332.9(atmosphere.)]TJ
1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(To)-469.9(account)-472.1(for)-469.8(cloud)-467.6(opacity)-471.1(variability,)-473.5(we)-470.8(estimated)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1174 TD
[(variances)-371.6(in)-359.4(the)-361.7(downward)-368.8(ux)-360.2(using)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
15.9141 0 TD
[(in)-365.2(situ)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.9547 0 TD
[(measures)-364.5(ob-)]TJ
-18.8688 -1.1116 TD
[(tained)-360.5(by)-359.3(Venera)-362.3(11,)-357(13,)-357(and)-361.6(14)-359.3(\(Table)-361.6(67,)-358.1(Moroz)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
21.9272 0 TD
[(et)-360.6(al.,)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 62.022 749.6502 Tm
(1238)Tj
47.3776 0 TD
[(MOGUL)-332.3(ET)-338.7(AL.)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
55 0 obj
<>stream
/GS1 gs
q
330.689 0 0 448.894 219.402 307.049 cm
/Im1 Do
Q
BT
/F8 1 Tf
9.845 0 0 9.845 59.7543 581.9526 Tm
0 0 0 rg
0 Tc
0 Tw
[(FIG.)-417.4(1.)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
4.198 0 TD
(\()Tj
/F8 1 Tf
.334 0 TD
(A)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.7198 0 TD
[(\))-415.6(Irradiance)-423.6(spectra)-419.3(for)]TJ
-5.2518 -1.0135 TD
[(Venus)-496.2(across)-491.7(the)-493.8(top)-492.6(of)-491.5(the)-493.8(atmo-)]TJ
T*
-.0158 Tc
[(s)-15.8(p)11.2(her)-15.8(e)-249.3(\(9)-15.8(9)11(.)-1.9(5)-166.5(k).5(m\))-264.4(and)-258.7(u)-15.8(p)11(p).5(er)-264.4(\(66)-15.8(.)14.4(5)-172.3(km\),)]TJ
T*
0 Tc
[(middle)-1431(\(53.5)-168.6(km\),)-1424.1(and)-1426.5(lower)]TJ
0 -1.0077 TD
[(\(49.5)-168.6(km\))-764.3(clouds,)-770.6(and)-764.3(below)-767.2(the)]TJ
0 -1.0135 TD
[(clouds)-623.3(\(44.5)-162.8(km\).)-617.9(\()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
8.2981 0 TD
(B)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.668 0 TD
[(\))-617.2(Photon)-616.3(ux)]TJ
-8.9661 -1.0135 TD
[(spectra)-373.2(of)-364.8(Venus)-370.5(middle)-365.7(and)-366.9(lower)]TJ
T*
[(clouds)-859.4(and)-856.4(Earths)-861.5(surface.)-860.2(\()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
13.8666 0 TD
(C)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.7198 0 TD
(\))Tj
-14.5864 -1.0077 TD
[(Photon)-236.3(ux)-238.9(spectra)-235(of)-238.1(Venus)-238.1(middle)]TJ
0 -1.0135 TD
[(and)-361.2(lower)-364.2(clouds)-358.4(with)-362.2(demarcations)]TJ
T*
[(of)-531.8(bands)-524.2(associated)-532.9(with)-529.2(CO)]TJ
7.3837 0 0 6.5625 183.4582 480.6424 Tm
(2)Tj
9.845 0 0 9.845 192.359 482.2865 Tm
(and)Tj
-13.4692 -1.0077 TD
(H)Tj
7.3837 0 0 6.5625 66.8409 470.7211 Tm
(2)Tj
9.845 0 0 9.845 70.526 472.3652 Tm
[(O)-335.8(stretching.)]TJ
ET
59.754 249.335 490.167 .22682 re
f
59.754 122.173 490.167 .28348 re
f
59.754 210.728 490.167 .22676 re
f
BT
/F9 1 Tf
9.845 0 0 9.845 81.2409 284.8818 Tm
(Table)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
3.0002 0 TD
(1.)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
1.2496 0 TD
[(List)-333.4(of)-337(Selected)-330(Photophysical)-338(Parameters)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
7.3837 0 0 6.5625 320.3148 289.2472 Tm
(1)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9.845 0 0 9.845 327.2881 284.8818 Tm
[(for)-332.2(Venus)-336.2(\(Normalized)-334.7(to)-335.8(SZA)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
14.644 0 TD
(0)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
.501 0 TD
()Tj
/F9 1 Tf
.7256 0 TD
(from)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
2.4992 0 TD
(15)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
1.002 0 TD
()Tj
/F9 1 Tf
.3973 0 TD
(C)Tj
-46.3908 -1.0135 TD
[(and)-337.8(Adjusted)-331.9(for)-332.2(Anisotropic)-336.4(Scattering\))-334.2(at)-335.8(the)-332.4(Top)-339.1(of)-331.2(the)-332.4(Atmosphere)-336.2(\(TOA;)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
37.039 0 TD
(99.5)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
1.9176 0 TD
[(km\))-332(and)-337.8(in)-331.6(the)-332.4(Upper)]TJ
-37.6609 -1.0135 TD
(\()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.334 0 TD
(65.5)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
1.9176 0 TD
[(km\),)-335.4(Middle)-334.8(\()]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
6.0753 0 TD
(53.5)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
1.9118 0 TD
[(km\),)-335.4(and)-337.8(Lower)-329.6(\()]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
7.8028 0 TD
(49.5)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
1.9176 0 TD
[(km\))-332(Clouds,)-339.2(Including)-334.7(Below)-335.2(the)-332.4(Clouds)-335.8(\(BTC;)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
22.418 0 TD
(44.5)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
1.9118 0 TD
(km\),)Tj
-35.9967 -1.0077 TD
[(as)-335.6(Well)-334.4(as)-329.9(Earths)-337.2(Surface)-337.2(\(Normalized)-334.7(to)-330(SZA)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
22.8038 0 TD
(0)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
.4952 0 TD
()Tj
/F9 1 Tf
.7313 0 TD
(from)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
2.4992 0 TD
(48.19)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
2.2516 0 TD
()Tj
/F9 1 Tf
.3973 0 TD
(\))Tj
/F7 1 Tf
-39.3193 -2.8562 TD
[(Normalized)-341.1(ux)]TJ
0 -1.0135 TD
[(and)-337(irradiances)]TJ
/F10 1 Tf
15.0644 1.0135 TD
(k)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
7.3837 0 0 6.5625 212.9952 225.2409 Tm
(peak)Tj
9.845 0 0 9.845 208.233 216.907 Tm
(\(nm\))Tj
3.8122 1.0135 TD
[(Peak)-335.7(photon)-334.3(ux)]TJ
7.3837 0 0 6.5625 313.7385 231.2503 Tm
(a)Tj
9.845 0 0 9.845 253.5873 216.907 Tm
(\(m)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
7.3837 0 0 6.5625 263.9621 221.3291 Tm
(-)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
.5528 0 TD
(2)Tj
9.845 0 0 9.845 275.0172 216.907 Tm
(s)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
7.3837 0 0 6.5625 278.8157 221.3291 Tm
(-)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
.5528 0 TD
(1)Tj
9.845 0 0 9.845 289.8708 216.907 Tm
(nm)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
7.3837 0 0 6.5625 301.8897 221.3291 Tm
(-)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
.5528 0 TD
(1)Tj
9.845 0 0 9.845 309.6566 216.907 Tm
(\))Tj
3.8985 2.027 TD
(Integrated)Tj
-1.2151 -1.0135 TD
[(UV)-332.2(photon)-334.3(ux)]TJ
7.3837 0 0 6.5625 397.3605 231.2503 Tm
(b)Tj
9.845 0 0 9.845 350.4188 216.907 Tm
(\(m)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
7.3837 0 0 6.5625 360.7936 221.3291 Tm
(-)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
.5528 0 TD
(2)Tj
9.845 0 0 9.845 371.8487 216.907 Tm
(s)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
7.3837 0 0 6.5625 375.6472 221.3291 Tm
(-)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
.5528 0 TD
(1)Tj
9.845 0 0 9.845 383.4141 216.907 Tm
(\))Tj
5.2115 2.027 TD
(Peak)Tj
-1.2957 -1.0135 TD
(irradiance)Tj
7.3837 0 0 6.5625 463.6345 231.2503 Tm
(a)Tj
9.845 0 0 9.845 416.4093 216.907 Tm
[(\(W)-331.2(m)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
7.3837 0 0 6.5625 438.2361 221.3291 Tm
(-)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
.5528 0 TD
(2)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
9.845 0 0 9.845 449.2912 216.907 Tm
(l)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
.5528 0 TD
(m)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
7.3837 0 0 6.5625 461.8204 221.3291 Tm
(-)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
.5528 0 TD
(1)Tj
9.845 0 0 9.845 469.5873 216.907 Tm
(\))Tj
2.9369 2.027 TD
(Integrated)Tj
-1.048 -1.0135 TD
[(UV)-338(irradiance)]TJ
7.3837 0 0 6.5625 546.2361 231.2503 Tm
(b)Tj
9.845 0 0 9.845 502.6392 216.907 Tm
[(\(W)-331.2(m)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
7.3837 0 0 6.5625 524.466 221.3291 Tm
(-)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
.5528 0 TD
(2)Tj
9.845 0 0 9.845 532.2329 216.907 Tm
(\))Tj
/F4 1 Tf
-47.9917 -1.8946 TD
[(Venus)-336(TOA)-339.8(\(99.5)-162.8(km\))-5261.7(555.2)]TJ
7.3837 0 0 6.5625 226.9417 202.6204 Tm
(c)Tj
9.845 0 0 9.845 204.6047 188.2771 Tm
(450.7)Tj
7.3837 0 0 6.5625 226.7716 192.6425 Tm
(d)Tj
9.845 0 0 9.845 261.6944 198.2551 Tm
(1.07)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
1.9118 0 TD
()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.7198 0 TD
(10)Tj
7.3837 0 0 6.5625 297.4677 202.6204 Tm
(19)Tj
9.845 0 0 9.845 346.9605 198.2551 Tm
(3.77)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
1.9176 0 TD
()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.7198 0 TD
(10)Tj
7.3837 0 0 6.5625 382.7905 202.6204 Tm
(20)Tj
9.845 0 0 9.845 434.7778 198.2551 Tm
[(4410)-5814.3(218)]TJ
-38.0928 -2.0212 TD
[(Venus)-336(upper)-334.4(clouds)-335.3(\(65.5)-168.6(km\))-2255.7(607.2)-3358.8(1.17)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
22.4238 0 TD
()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.7198 0 TD
(10)Tj
7.3837 0 0 6.5625 297.4677 182.7212 Tm
(19)Tj
9.845 0 0 9.845 346.9605 178.3559 Tm
(1.52)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
1.9176 0 TD
()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.7198 0 TD
(10)Tj
7.3837 0 0 6.5625 382.7905 182.7212 Tm
(20)Tj
9.845 0 0 9.845 434.7778 178.3559 Tm
[(3820)-5687.6(86.9)]TJ
-38.0928 -1.0135 TD
[(Venus)-336(middle)-336.9(clouds)-335.3(\(53.5)-168.6(km\))-1743.2(607.5)-3358.8(8.18)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
22.4238 0 TD
()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.7198 0 TD
(10)Tj
7.3837 0 0 6.5625 297.4677 172.7432 Tm
(18)Tj
9.845 0 0 9.845 346.9605 168.3779 Tm
(1.20)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
1.9176 0 TD
()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.7198 0 TD
(10)Tj
7.3837 0 0 6.5625 382.7905 172.7432 Tm
(19)Tj
9.845 0 0 9.845 434.7778 168.3779 Tm
[(2670)-5687.6(6.73)]TJ
-38.0928 -1.0135 TD
[(Venus)-336(lower)-335.4(clouds)-335.3(\(48.5)-168.6(km\))-2255.7(607.5)-3358.8(7.01)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
22.4238 0 TD
()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.7198 0 TD
(10)Tj
7.3837 0 0 6.5625 297.4677 162.7653 Tm
(18)Tj
9.845 0 0 9.845 346.9605 158.3999 Tm
(1.12)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
1.9176 0 TD
()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.7198 0 TD
(10)Tj
7.3837 0 0 6.5625 382.7905 162.7653 Tm
(19)Tj
9.845 0 0 9.845 434.7778 158.3999 Tm
[(2290)-5687.6(5.90)]TJ
-38.0928 -1.0135 TD
[(Venus)-335(BTC)-340.1(\(44.5)-162.8(km\))-5872.1(607.5)-3358.8(6.79)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
22.4238 0 TD
()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.7198 0 TD
(10)Tj
7.3837 0 0 6.5625 297.4677 152.7874 Tm
(18)Tj
9.845 0 0 9.845 346.9605 148.422 Tm
(1.08)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
1.9176 0 TD
()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.7198 0 TD
(10)Tj
7.3837 0 0 6.5625 382.7905 152.7874 Tm
(19)Tj
9.845 0 0 9.845 434.7778 148.422 Tm
[(2220)-5687.6(5.69)]TJ
-38.0928 -1.0077 TD
[(Earths)-337.5(surface)-8607.8(669.0)]TJ
7.3837 0 0 6.5625 226.9417 142.8661 Tm
(c)Tj
9.845 0 0 9.845 204.6047 128.5228 Tm
(531.0)Tj
7.3837 0 0 6.5625 226.7716 132.8882 Tm
(d)Tj
9.845 0 0 9.845 261.6944 138.5007 Tm
(6.58)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
1.9118 0 TD
()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.7198 0 TD
(10)Tj
7.3837 0 0 6.5625 297.4677 142.8661 Tm
(18)Tj
9.845 0 0 9.845 346.9605 138.5007 Tm
(8.44)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
1.9176 0 TD
()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.7198 0 TD
(10)Tj
7.3837 0 0 6.5625 382.7905 142.8661 Tm
(19)Tj
9.845 0 0 9.845 434.7778 138.5007 Tm
[(2150)-5687.6(45.8)]TJ
6.5633 0 0 5.8334 67.748 114.2928 Tm
(1)Tj
8.7511 0 0 8.7511 71.0362 110.3811 Tm
[(Selected)-361.9(parameters)-367.1(include)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
11.8489 0 TD
(l)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
6.5633 0 0 5.8334 179.5464 108.907 Tm
(peak)Tj
8.7511 0 0 8.7511 195.1369 110.3811 Tm
[(\(for)-366.8(photon)-354.5(ux)-359.1(and)-366.9(irradiance\),)-363.5(normalized)-361.2(peak)-360.5(photon)-361(ux)-359.1(\(m)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
6.5633 0 0 5.8334 431.3195 114.2928 Tm
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.5528 0 TD
(2)Tj
8.7511 0 0 8.7511 441.3542 110.3811 Tm
(s)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5633 0 0 5.8334 444.7558 114.2928 Tm
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.5528 0 TD
(1)Tj
8.7511 0 0 8.7511 454.8471 110.3811 Tm
(nm)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5633 0 0 5.8334 466.0156 114.2928 Tm
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.5528 0 TD
(1)Tj
8.7511 0 0 8.7511 472.9322 110.3811 Tm
[(\),)-362.8(integrated)-362.4(and)-360.5(nor-)]TJ
-47.2143 -1.0236 TD
[(malized)-269(UV)-267.8(photon)-263.8(ux)-261.9(between)-268.5(200)-262.1(and)-269.8(400)-164.9(nm)-260.9(\(W)-268.3(m)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
6.5633 0 0 5.8334 257.896 105.2787 Tm
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.5528 0 TD
(2)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
8.7511 0 0 8.7511 267.1369 101.4236 Tm
(m)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.5507 0 TD
(m)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5633 0 0 5.8334 278.759 105.2787 Tm
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.5528 0 TD
(1)Tj
8.7511 0 0 8.7511 285.6755 101.4236 Tm
[(\),)-265.7(normalized)-264.1(peak)-269.8(irradiance)-266.2(\(m)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
6.5633 0 0 5.8334 401.1023 105.2787 Tm
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.5528 0 TD
(2)Tj
8.7511 0 0 8.7511 410.3432 101.4236 Tm
(s)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5633 0 0 5.8334 413.6881 105.2787 Tm
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.5528 0 TD
(1)Tj
8.7511 0 0 8.7511 420.6046 101.4236 Tm
[(\),)-265.7(and)-269.8(integrated)-265.2(and)-263.3(normalized)-270.5(UV)]TJ
-41.2348 -1.0236 TD
[(irradiance)-337.5(\(W)-333.1(m)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
6.5633 0 0 5.8334 118.8283 96.3212 Tm
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.5528 0 TD
(2)Tj
8.7511 0 0 8.7511 125.7448 92.4661 Tm
[(\))-327.8(between)-339.7(200)-326.9(and)-334.6(400)-164.9(nm.)]TJ
6.5633 0 0 5.8334 67.748 87.3637 Tm
(a)Tj
8.7511 0 0 8.7511 70.696 83.5086 Tm
[(Normalized)-331.1(peak)-334.6(photon)-335.1(ux)-333.2(or)-333.1(normalized)-328.8(peak)-334.6(irradiance)-337.5(at)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
25.9523 0 TD
(l)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
6.5633 0 0 5.8334 302.6267 82.0346 Tm
(peak)Tj
8.7511 0 0 8.7511 315.0991 83.5086 Tm
(.)Tj
6.5633 0 0 5.8334 67.748 78.4063 Tm
(b)Tj
8.7511 0 0 8.7511 71.0362 74.4944 Tm
[(Integrated)-336.3(over)-332(200400)-160.3(nm)-332.1(for)-337(Venus)-332.9(and)-334.6(280400)-160.3(nm)-332.1(for)-337(Earth.)]TJ
6.5633 0 0 5.8334 67.748 69.4488 Tm
(c)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
8.7511 0 0 8.7511 70.696 65.537 Tm
(l)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
6.5633 0 0 5.8334 75.5149 64.1197 Tm
(peak)Tj
8.7511 0 0 8.7511 90.8787 65.537 Tm
[(for)-337(photon)-328.6(ux.)]TJ
6.5633 0 0 5.8334 67.748 60.4913 Tm
(d)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
8.7511 0 0 8.7511 71.0362 56.5795 Tm
(l)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
6.5633 0 0 5.8334 75.8551 55.1055 Tm
(peak)Tj
8.7511 0 0 8.7511 91.2189 56.5795 Tm
[(for)-337(irradiance.)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 294.9731 34.2425 Tm
(1239)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
57 0 obj
<>stream
Adobe d
s !1AQa"q2B#R3b$r%C4Scs5D'6Tdt&
EFVU(eufv7GWgw8HXhx)9IYiy*:JZjz m !1AQa"q2#BRbr3$4CS%cs5DT
&6E'dtU7()euFVfvGWgw8HXhx9IYiy*:JZjz ? N*S6*"ě+:Rm^5VːM͊w͊6*ثb͊6*تg/j~c4-.?WPfX-КLz7'6* o˭Z[G.mxF" ]_ ĽxS6* ʑmm'Q}qkfo4I +k^#zΥMZ{C8u䅔͊ \/( H <ثA ??O6*PďS͊T_p q# Tb \/( H <ثA ??O6* /(v yWʃ .$lU" ˅w8yGG] */^Q yWʄ .$lU ˅wHyGG[QA|lUPďS͊T_p q# Tb \/( H <ثA ??O6*PďS͊T_p q# Tb \/( H <ثc
2 ^QIlUPďS͊T_p q# Tb \/( H <ثA ??O6*PďS͊T]ayGG] */^Q yV AG@ayF${<ث_" ˅w8yGG] */^Q yWʃ .$lU" ˅w8yGG] */^Q yVcGyZ \/( H <ثA ??O6*PďS͊T_p q# Tb \/( H <ثA ??O6*PďS͊ RA#: yVBE ??O6*PqďS͊T$_p q# Tb \/( H <ثA ??O6*PďS͊? $O@5# Tbʄ .$lU ˅wHyGG] */^Q yWʄ .$lU ˅wHyGG[QHsO6*HyGG] */^Q yWʄ .$lU ˅wHyGG] */^Q yWʄ .$lU+Χ+3ǯh.Y4)3(+ylUٱWfYϓ2=ӝ >oA X/͊ȷּ'
Ռ5[i#OY I2s
m6*k ]s@
Vʽ?6*3b͊6*ثb͊\NJOrOeVP~u?ާuӣ.P}keYCO6* +gο_йY}WE"